General muhammadu buhari biography graphic organizer
Muhammadu Buhari
President of Nigeria from to , military head of state of Nigeria from to
Muhammadu BuhariGCFR (Hausa pronunciationⓘ; born 17 December ) is a Nigerian politician and retired Nigerian Army major general who served as the president of Nigeria from to [2][3] He also served as the country's military head of state from 31 December to 27 August , after taking power from the Shehu Shagari civilian government in a military coup d'état.[4][5] The term Buharism is used to describe the authoritarian policies of his military regime.[6][7]
Buhari ran for president of Nigeria on the platform and support of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) in and , and on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) platform in [8] In December , he emerged as the presidential candidate of[9] the All Progressives Congress party for the general election.[10] Buhari won the election, defeating incumbent President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan.[11] This was the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost a re-election bid.
He was sworn in on 29 May In February , Buhari was re-elected, defeating his closest rival, former Vice President Atiku Abubakar, by over 3 million votes.[12][13][14]
Early life and education
Muhammadu Buhari was born to a Fulani family[15] on 17 December , in Daura, a town in Katsina State, Nigeria.
His father was Mallam Hardo Adamu, a Fulani chieftain from Dumurkul in Mai'Adua, while his mother, Zulaihat, had Hausa and Kanuri ancestry.[16][17] He is the twenty-third child of his father and was named after ninth-century PersianIslamic scholarMuhammad al-Bukhari.[18][19]
Buhari's great-grandfather, Yusuf, was a founder of several settlements in Daura, including Dumurkul.
Many of his relatives held positions in the Native Administration of the Daura Emirate under the British colonial government. His maternal grandfather, Won Rabbe, was a Kanuri immigrant from Bornu who fled to Daura in the 19th-century to escape a political upheaval. During this period, the Fulani, under the Sokoto Caliphate, had forced the Hausa ruler of Daura into exile in what is now Niger Republic.
There, the Hausa ruler gave Won Rabbe's son a daughter of a Hausa dignitary to marry.[19]
When Buhari's father died, Waziri Alhassan, the son of Emir Musa of Daura (r. –), who was the first Hausa ruler of Daura since ,[20][21] became the guardian of Zulaihat and her six children, including the youngest, Buhari.
Buhari was about four years old at the time of his father's death. From an early age, he attended Qur'anic school and helped with cattle rearing. Initially a reluctant student, he preferred the outdoors and often skipped school. However, his guardian Waziri al-Hasan and his nephew, Mamman Daura, who was three years his senior, encouraged him to take his studies seriously.[19]
Buhari later attended primary school in Daura and Mai'Adua, completing his studies in He then continued to Katsina Middle School and later Katsina Provincial Secondary School, where he studied from to , earning his West African School Certificate.
During his sixth form, he served as house captain and head boy of the school. In , he was awarded a scholarship by the Elder Dempster shipping line for a summer visit to Britain.[19]
After completing his secondary education, Buhari initially considered studying to become a medical doctor. However, the only available option at the time was to pursue Pharmacology at the Nigerian College of Arts, Science, and Technology in Zaria, a path that would require many years of advanced study.
Instead, Buhari was encouraged by Mamman Daura to join the military and pursue higher education through it. He took this advice as he was already considering a military career inspired by the example of Hassan Katsina, then a junior officer. During this period, Hassan Katsina would often take secondary school boys in the Katsina Province on night hikes, where they camped under the stars.
Buhari enjoyed these hikes and the sense of adventure they provided.[19]
Military career
In , at the age of 19, Buhari was one of 70 boys selected nationwide for officer training at the Nigerian Military Training College (NMTC).[22][19][23] In February , the college was upgraded to an officer commissioning unit of the Nigerian Army and renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) (prior to , the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly Commonwealth military academies[24][25][26] for officer cadet training).
From to , Buhari underwent officer cadet training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot in England.[27] In January , at age 20, Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed Platoon Commander of the Second Infantry Battalion in Abeokuta, Nigeria. From November to January , Buhari attended the Platoon Commanders' Course at the Nigerian Military Training College, Kaduna.
In , he facilitated his military training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer's Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden, United Kingdom.[28]
From to , Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and was appointed brigade major, Second Sector, First Infantry Division, April to July Following the bloody Nigerian coup d'état, which resulted in the death of PremierAhmadu Bello, Lieutenant Buhari, alongside several young officers from Northern Nigeria, took part in the July counter-coup which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi, replacing him with General Yakubu Gowon.[29]
Civil war
Main article: Nigerian Civil War
Buhari was assigned to the 1st Division under the command of Lt.
Col Mohammed Shuwa. The division had temporarily moved from Kaduna to Makurdi at the onset of the Nigerian Civil War. The 1st division was divided into sectors and then battalions, with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo, who was later replaced by Theophilus Danjuma. Buhari's initial assignment was as Adjutant and Company Commander 2 battalion unit, Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division.
The 2 battalion was one of the units that participated in the first actions of the war: they started from Gakem near Afikpo and moved towards Ogoja, with support from Gado Nasko's artillery squad. They reached and captured Ogoja within a week, with the intention of advancing through the flanks to Enugu, the rebel capital.
Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion's Commander and led the battalion to Afikpo to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through Nkalagu and Abakaliki. However, before the move to Enugu, he was posted to Nsukka as Brigade Major of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin, who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar.
Buhari stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle experiences. Instead of swift advances, the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army depots in Abeokuta and Zaria.
In , he was posted to the 4 Sector, also called the Awka sector, which was charged with taking over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2. The sector's operations were within the Awka-Abagana-Onitsha region, which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply. It was in the sector that Buhari's group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect the food supplies route of the rebels along Oji River and Abagana.
After the war
From to , Buhari was Brigade Major/Commandant, Thirty-first Infantry Brigade.
He then served as the Assistant Adjutant-General, First Infantry Division Headquarters, from to He also attended the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington, India, in [36] From to Buhari was acting director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and Transport Headquarters.[37]
In the military coup d'état, Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers that brought General Murtala Mohammed to power.
He was later appointed Governor of the North-Eastern State[38][39] from 1 August to 3 February , to oversee social, economic and political improvements in the state. On 3 February , the North Eastern State was divided into three states Bauchi, Borno and Gongola.[40][41][42] Buhari then became the first Governor of Borno State from 3 February to 15 March [43]
In March , following the botched military coup d'état attempt which led to the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed, his deputy General Olusegun Obasanjo became the military head of state and appointed Colonel Buhari as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources (now minister).
In , when the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was created, Buhari was appointed as its chairman, a position he held until [44]
During his tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources, the government invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures. The government built about 21 petroleum storage depots all over the country from Lagos to Maiduguri and from Calabar to Gusau; the administration constructed a pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots.
Also, the administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in Kaduna and an oil pipeline that will connect the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery.[45]
From to , he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the Supreme Military Council from to From to , at the rank of colonel, Buhari (class of ) attended the US Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the United States, and gained a master's degree in Strategic Studies.[46][47] Upon completion of the on-campus full-time resident program lasting ten months and the two-year-long, distance learning program, the United States Army War College (USAWC) awards its graduate officers a master's degree in Strategic Studies.[citation needed]
Divisional commands held in the Nigerian Army:
Coup d'état of
Main article: Nigerian coup d'état
Major-General Buhari was one of the leaders of the military coup of December that overthrew the Second Nigerian Republic.
At the time of the coup plot, Buhari was the General Officer Commanding (GOC), Third Armoured Division of Jos.[50] With the successful execution of the coup by General Buhari, Tunde Idiagbon was appointed Chief of General Staff (the de facto No. 2 in the administration). The coup ended Nigeria's short-lived Second Republic, a period of multi-party democracy revived in , after 13 years of military rule.[51]
According to The New York Times, the officers who took power argued that "a flawed democracy was worse than no democracy at all".
Biography essay graphic organizer Security issues [ edit ]. Archived from the original on 2 May After completing his secondary education, Buhari initially considered studying to become a medical doctor. The regime also jailed its critics, including Fela Kuti.Buhari justified the military's seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended the constitution. Another rationale for the coup was to correct economic decline in Nigeria. In the military's first broadcast after the coup, Sani Abacha linked 'an inept and corrupt leadership' with general economic decline.
In Buhari's New Year's Day speech, he too mentioned the corrupt class of the Second Republic but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in society.
Head of State (–)
Consolidation of power
The structure of the new military leadership—the fifth in Nigeria since independence—resembled the last military regime, the Obasanjo/Yaradua administration.
The new regime established a Supreme Military Council, a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States. The number of ministries was trimmed to 18, while the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police. It retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers.
In addition, the new military administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim. These laws included the Robbery and Firearms (Special Provisions) Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases, and the State Security (Detention of Person) Decree, which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing economic adversity.
Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree, which constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service.
According to Decree Number 2 of , the state security and the chief of staff were given the power to detain, without charges, individuals deemed to be a security risk to the state for up to three months.[55] Strikes and popular demonstrations were banned and Nigeria's security agency, the National Security Organization (NSO) was entrusted with unprecedented powers.
The NSO played a wide role in the cracking down of public dissent by intimidating, harassing and jailing individuals who broke the interdiction on strikes.
General muhammadu buhari biography graphic organizer pdf At one point, he served as the military head of state. At just 20 years old, Regina Daniels has managed to become one of the biggest and most popular actresses, not only in Nigeria but also all over the world. Archived from the original on 13 April See also Military governors in Nigeria during the Yakubu Gowon regime - and Military governors in Nigeria during the Olusegun Obasanjo regime —By October , about , civil servants were retrenched.[56] Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests. In 20 months as Head of State, about politicians, officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption during his stewardship.[57][58] Detainees were released after releasing sums to the government and agreeing to meet certain conditions.
The regime also jailed its critics, including Fela Kuti.[59] He was arrested on 4 September at the airport as he was about to embark on an American tour. Amnesty International described the charges brought against him for illegally exporting foreign currency as "spurious". Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2, the government sentenced Fela to five years in prison.
He was released after 18 months,[59] when the Buhari regime was overthrown.
In , Buhari passed Decree Number 4, the Protection Against False Accusations Decree,[60] a wide-ranging repressive press law. Section 1 of the law provided that "Any person who publishes in any form, whether written or otherwise, any message, rumour, report or statement [] which is false in any material particular or which brings or is calculated to bring the Federal Military Government or the Government of a state or public officer to ridicule or disrepute, shall be guilty of an offense under this Decree".[61] The law further stated that offending journalists and publishers will be tried by an open military tribunal, whose ruling would be final and unappealable in any court and those found guilty would be eligible for a fine not less than 10, naira and a jail sentence of up to two years.[62]
Economics
Main article: Buharism
In order to reform the economy, as Head of State, Buhari started to rebuild the nation's social-political and economic systems, along the realities of Nigeria's austere economic conditions.[63] The rebuilding included removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure, obliterating or removing completely, corruption from the nation's social ethics, shifting from mainly public sector employment to self-employment.
Buhari also encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials.[63] However, tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below capacity, reduction of workers and in some cases business closure.[57]
Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund, when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60%.
However, the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the IMF.[65][66]
On 7 May , Buhari announced the country's National Budget. The budget came with a series of complementary measures:
- A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers
- Raising of interest rates
- Halting capital projects
- Prohibition of borrowing by state governments
- 15 percent cut from Shagari's Budget
- Realignment of import duties
- Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports
- It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and industry.
Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade, currency change, price reduction of goods and services.
His economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices.
Mass social mobilization
Main article: War Against Indiscipline
One of the most enduring legacies of the Buhari government has been the War Against Indiscipline (WAI).
Launched on 20 March , the policy tried to address the perceived lack of public morality and civic responsibility of Nigerian society. Unruly Nigerians were ordered to form neat queues at bus stops, under the eyes of whip-wielding soldiers. Civil servants[68] who failed to show up on time at work were humiliated and forced to do "frog jumps".
Minor offences carried long sentences. Any student over the age of 17 caught cheating on an exam would get 21 years in prison. Counterfeiting and arson could lead to the death penalty.[69]
Buhari's administration enacted three decrees to investigate corruption and control foreign exchange. The Banking (Freezing of Accounts) Decree of , allotted to the Federal Military Government the power to freeze bank accounts of persons suspected to have committed fraud.
The Recovery of Public Property (Special Military Tribunals) Decree permitted the government to investigate the assets of public officials linked with corruption and constitute a military tribunal to try such persons. The Exchange Control (Anti-Sabotage) Decree stated penalties for violators of foreign exchange laws.
Decree 20 on illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking was another example of Buhari's tough approach to crime.[71] Section 3 (2) (K) provided that "any person who, without lawful authority deals in, sells, smokes or inhales the drug known as cocaine or other similar drugs, shall be guilty under section 6 (3) (K) of an offence and liable on conviction to suffer death sentence by firing squad." In the case of Bernard Ogedengebe, the Decree was applied retroactively.[72] He was executed even if at the time of his arrest the crime did not mandate the capital punishment, but had carried a sentence of six months imprisonment.[72] In another prominent case of April , six Nigerians were condemned to death under the same decree: Sidikatu Tairi, Sola Oguntayo, Oladele Omosebi, Lasunkanmi Awolola, Jimi Adebayo and Gladys Iyamah.[73]
In , prompted by economic uncertainties and a rising crime rate, the government of Buhari opened the borders (closed since April ) with Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon to speed up the expulsion of , illegal foreigners and illegal migrant workers.[74] Buhari is today known for this crisis; there even is a famine in the east of Niger that have been named "El Buhari".[75] His regime drew criticism from many, including Nigeria's first Nobel Prize winner Wole Soyinka, who, in , wrote a piece called "The Crimes of Buhari"[76] which outlined many of the abuses conducted under his military rule.
Ahead of the general election, Buhari responded to his human rights criticism by saying that if elected, he would follow the rule of law, and that there would be access to justice for all Nigerians and respect for fundamental human rights of Nigerians.[77]
Coup d'état of
Main article: Nigerian coup d'état
In August , Major General Buhari was overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida and other members of the ruling Supreme Military Council (SMC).[78] Babangida brought many of Buhari's most vocal critics into his administration, including Fela Kuti's brother Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, a doctor who had led a strike against Buhari to protest declining health care services.
Buhari was then detained in Benin City until [79]
Detention
Buhari spent three years of detention in a small guarded bungalow in Benin.[80] He had access to television that showed two channels and members of his family were allowed to visit him on the authorization of Babangida.[81]
Civilian life
In December , after his mother's death he was released and retired to his residence in Daura.
While in detention, his farm was managed by his relatives. He divorced his first wife in and married Aisha Halilu.[1] In Katsina, he became the pioneer chairman of Katsina Foundation that was founded to encourage social and economic development in Katsina State.[citation needed]
Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), a body created by the government of General Sani Abacha, and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products, to pursue developmental projects around the country.
A report in New African praised the PTF under Buhari for its transparency, calling it a rare "success story".[82]
Presidential campaigns and elections
presidential election
In , Buhari ran for the office of the president[83] as the candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP).
He was defeated by the People's Democratic Party incumbent, President Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, by more than 11 million votes.[84]
On 18 December , Buhari was nominated as the consensus candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party.
General muhammadu buhari biography graphic organizer printable Retrieved 8 February Retrieved 31 August By October , about , civil servants were retrenched. Musa Usman Muhammadu Buhari.His main challenger in the April polls was the ruling PDP candidate, Umaru Yar'Adua, who hailed from the same home state of Katsina. Buhari officially took 18% of the vote to Yar'Adua's 70%, but Buhari rejected these results.[85] After Yar'Adua took office, he called for a government of national unity to bring on board aggrieved opposition members.
The ANPP joined the government with appointment of its national chairman as a member of Yar'Adua's cabinet, but Buhari denounced this agreement.[86]
In March , Buhari left the ANPP for the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), a party he had helped to found. He said that he had supported foundation of the CPC "as a solution to the debilitating, ethical and ideological conflicts in my former party the ANPP".[87]
Buhari was the CPC presidential candidate in the election, running against incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), Mallam Nuhu Ribadu of Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), and Ibrahim Shekarau of ANPP.
General muhammadu buhari biography graphic organizer Archived from the original on 11 July Main article: Ban of Twitter in Nigeria. Archived from the original on 13 October David Jemibewon Paul Tarfa.They were the major contenders among 20 candidates.[88] Buhari campaigned on an anti-corruption platform and pledged to remove immunity protections from government officials. He also gave support to enforcement of Sharia law in Nigeria's northern states, which had previously caused him political difficulties among Christian voters in the country's south.[57]
The elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence, which claimed the lives of people across the country, as Buhari's supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country's central region.[89] The three-day uprising was blamed in part on Buhari's inflammatory comments.[89] In spite of assurances from Human Rights Watch, which had judged the elections "among the fairest in Nigeria's history", Buhari claimed that the vote was flawed and warned[89] that "If what happened in should again happen in , by the grace of God, the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood".[90][91]
Buhari remained a "folk hero" to some for his vocal opposition to corruption.[92] He won 12,, votes, coming in second to Jonathan, who polled 22,, votes and was declared the winner.[93]
Main article: Nigerian general election
Buhari ran in the presidential election as a candidate of the All Progressives Congress party.
His platform was built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter and his incorruptible and honest reputation, but he said he would not probe past corrupt leaders and would give officials who stole in the past amnesty if they repented.[94]
In the runup to the election, Jonathan's campaign asked that Buhari be disqualified from the election, claiming that he was in breach of the Constitution.[95] According to the fundamental document, in order to qualify for election to the office of the president, a person must be "educated up to at least School certificate level or its equivalent".
Buhari failed to submit any such evidence, claiming that he lost the original copies of his diplomas when his house was raided following his overthrow from power in [96]
In May , in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping, Buhari strongly denounced the Boko Haram insurgency. He "urged Nigerians to put aside religion, politics and all other divisions to crush the insurgency he said is fanned by mindless bigots masquerading as Muslims".[97] In July , Buhari escaped a bomb attack on his life by Boko Haram in Kaduna, 82 people were killed.[98] In December , Buhari pledged to enhance security in Nigeria if elected president.[99] After this announcement, Buhari's approval ratings skyrocketed, largely due to Jonathan's apparent inability to fight Boko Haram.
Buhari made internal security and wiping out the militant group one of the key pillars of his campaign. In January , the insurgent group "The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta" (MEND) endorsed Buhari.[]
In February , former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and endorsed Buhari.[]
On 31 March, Jonathan called Buhari to concede and congratulate him on his election as president.[] Buhari was sworn in on 29 May in a ceremony attended by at least 23 heads of state and government.[]
Second inauguration
The second inauguration of Buhari as the 15thpresident of Nigeria, and 4th president in the fourth Nigerian Republic took place on Wednesday, 29 May , following the Nigerian presidential election and marking the start of the second and final four-year term of Muhammadu Buhari as president and Yemi Osinbajo as vice president.[] It was the 8th presidential inauguration in Nigeria, and 6th in the fourth republic.[][]
The official swearing-in ceremony took place at Eagle Square in Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory.
Acting Chief JusticeTanko Muhammad administered the oath of office taken by President Buhari and Vice President Yemi Osinbajo. The traditional inaugural speech was not delivered.[] Former Nigerian heads of state General Yakubu Gowon, General Ibrahim Babangida, Interim President Ernest Shonekan, General Abdulsalami Abubakar, General Olusegun Obasanjo and President Goodluck Jonathan were in attendance.
Further information: Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari
The economy has averaged a growth rate of % since the administration's first term, unemployment is at an all-time high of 23%, and millions entered poverty.[] Since , Buhari has lost supporters due to his perceived un-energetic personality and contemplative decision making.[]
Cabinet
Buhari's key advisers include: his nephew Mamman Daura, businessman Ismaila Isa Funtua, political operator Baba Gana Kingibe, Abba Kyari the Chief of Staff to the President; and from the late stages of his first term, Boss Mustapha the Secretary to the Government of the Federation.[] Empowering his kitchen cabinet after his second inauguration, Buhari has stated his preference for cabinet members seeking meetings or consultation to direct such requests through the chief of staff or through the government secretary.[]
Since the Fourth Republic, ministerial positions are legally required to be composed of a federal ethno-demographic character with a minister representing each state of the federation.
A result of this has created the outcome of political considerations as an important factor in nominating ministers as local party officials lacking in merit jostle for cabinet positions.[] Nomination into Buhari's cabinet has been influenced by those political considerations and also closeness to the president and his inner cabinet.[]
In August , the president named his cabinet of predominantly male members with an average years of 60 and dominated by political actors or those close to the president.[] The cabinet include two wealthy former governors from the Niger Delta, Timipre Sylva and Godswill Akpabio who were originally members of the opposition party PDP and fourteen retained ministers some of whom critics alleged had performed poorly or having a close relationship with a corrupt past Head of State.[]
Health
In May , Buhari cancelled a two-day visit to Lagos to inaugurate projects in the state but he was represented by the Vice-president Yemi Osinbajo after citing an "ear infection" suspected to be Ménière's disease.[] On 6 June, Buhari travelled to the United Kingdom to seek medical attention.[][] This happened days after the Presidential Spokesman Femi Adesina was quoted as saying Buhari was "as fit as fiddle" and "hale and hearty", to much discontent and criticism from political analysts and followers.[][][] In February , following what were described as "routine medical check-ups" in the UK,[] Buhari asked parliament to extend his medical leave to await test results.[] His office did not give any further details on his health condition nor the expected date of his return.[] On 8 February, President Buhari personally signed a letter addressed to the President of the Senate of Nigeria alerting him of a further extension to his annual leave, leaving his vice president in charge.[][][] Following an absence of 51 days from office, President Buhari returned to Nigeria.
He arrived at Kaduna Airport in the morning of 10 March.[][][] Although information was limited during his stay in London, he was pictured on 9 March meeting the most senior cleric of the world Anglican congregation, Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby.[][] Vice President Yemi Osibanjo remained in charge as acting president, while the President continued to recover in Abuja.[] The President has missed major official and public appearances just two months following his return to office from England.
Most recently he was absent from the Federal Executive Council (FEC) meeting, the worker's day event held at the Eagle Square in Abuja on May Day [][][] Speculations about the President's health circulated in the public sphere in the days following President Buhari's wishes to "work from home".[] Some prominent Nigerian figures urged the President to take a long-term medical leave,[][] citing his failure to make any public appearances over a two-week period.[][]
President Buhari again left Nigeria for a reported health check-up in London on 7 May [] President Buhari returned to Nigeria from his medical leave in the United Kingdom days after leaving, on 19 August [][] On 8 May, Buhari left Nigeria to London for medical check up, upon arrival from USA; and he returned on Friday 11 May []
Economy
Buhari was an attractive choice to many Nigerians because of a perceived incorruptible character.[] Once in power, Buhari who had earlier mobilized supporters in three previous elections was slow to manifest his intention to solve problems he mentioned during his campaign.
Determination to initiate his domestic policy agenda like naming of cabinet officials took six months,[] while the passage of the and budgets were delayed by infighting.
In Buhari's first year in office, Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity prices which triggered an economic recession.[] To source funds to close shortfall in revenue and fund an expansionary capital budget, Buhari traveled to 20 countries seeking loans.[] Thereby, expansionary budget allocation to finance infrastructure was pushed back to a further date.[]
In the first year of the administration, Naira, the currency of Nigeria depreciated in the black market leading to a gulf between the official exchange rate and the black-market rate.[] A resulting shortage in foreign exchange hit various businesses including petroleum marketers.
However, the gulf between the official rates and the black market rates opened up the opportunity for well connected individuals to engage in arbitrage, making a mockery of the president's anti-corruption image.[] In May , the government announced a rise in the official pump price of petroleum to curtail shortfall in the commodity as a result of foreign exchange shortages.[]
In , the country's economy declined by % and in per capita economic growth is projected to be negligible.
Buhari's first tenure as head of state coincided with a decline in oil prices similar to his second stint but his administration has not shown dedicated effort to diversify sources of government spending.[] The budget signaled an expansionary fiscal policy with funds dedicated to infrastructural projects such as strategic roads, bridges and power plants.[]
Since an upturn in economic growth from the decline of , a slow pace of recovery has the country behind many of its continental neighbors in GDP growth.
Unemployment levels remain high and any effort to increase non-oil revenues has not improved while government deficit spending include a significant portion of its yearly budget dedicated to service debts.[]
Buhari with the support of the Central Bank chief initiated policies to improve agriculture production through lobbying private banks to lend to the sector and restriction of foreign exchange at official rates for importation of food product that are grown locally.
In his second term, the budget minister, Udo Udoma and trade minister, Enemalah both of whom favored liberalisation were not returned.[]
The government continued to operate flexible exchange rates into the second term of the administration despite critics alluding to the exchange rate regime of being susceptible to arbitrage abuses and round tripping by cronies of the government.[]
Social welfare
In , Buhari launched the National Social Investment Program, a national social welfare program.[] The Program was created to ensure a more equitable distribution of resources to vulnerable populations, including children, youth, and women.
There are four programs which address poverty, unemployment and help increase economic development:[]
- The N-Power program provides young Nigerians with job training and education, as well as a monthly stipend of 30, Nigerian naira (US$).
- Npower is a social investment scheme initiated by President Muhammadu Buhari on 8 June in an attempt to boost the youths employment rate.
Scholastic biography poster report: Retrieved 10 May Retrieved 21 January Retrieved 27 January Abolishing the office of the first lady [ edit ].
The scheme was established as a core component of the National Social Investment program to cushion the skill acquisition training and capacity building in the beneficiaries.
- The Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCTP) directly supports the most vulnerable by providing cash to those in the lowest income group, helping reduce poverty, improve nutrition and self-sustainability, and supporting development through increased consumption.[]
- The Government Enterprise and Empowerment Program (GEEP) is a micro-lending entrepreneurship program targeting farmers, petty traders and market women with a focus.
This program provides no-cost loans to its beneficiaries, helping reduce the start-up costs of business ventures in Nigeria. The programs include: TraderMoni, MarketMoni and FarmerMoni.
- The National Home Grown School Feeding Program (NHGSF) is attempting to increase school enrollment by providing free meals to schoolchildren, particularly those in poor and food-insecure regions.
The program works with local farmers and empowers women as cooks, building the community and sustaining economic growth from farm to table.
The program was previously co-ordinated from the office of Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, until , when the program was moved to the new Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development under Sadiya Umar Farouq.
In his Independence Day Speech, the President attributed the movement to the need to have the programmes institutionalized.[]
Anti-corruption
Main article: Buhari's anti-corruption war
The $2 billion arms deal was exposed following the interim report of Buhari's investigations committee on arms procurement under the Goodluck Jonathan administration.
The committee report showed extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N billion and additional spending of about $ billion in the foreign currency component under Goodluck Jonathan's watch. Preliminary investigation suggested that about $2 billion may have been disbursed for the procurement of arms to fight against the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria.
The investigative report indicated that a total sum of $ billion was inexplicably disbursed into the office of the National Security Adviser in the procurement of arms to fight against insurgency, but was not spent for the purpose for which the money was disbursed. Investigations on this illegal deal led to the arrest of Sambo Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser who later mentioned prominent Nigerians involved in the deal.
Those who were mentioned and arrested includes Raymond Dokpesi, the Chair Emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance, Azubuike Ihejirika, the Chief of Army Staff, Adesola Nunayon Amosu, the former Chief of the Air Staff, Alex Badeh and several other politicians were mentioned.[]
On 21 December , the government's Federal Ministry of Finance announced a whistle-blowing policy with a %-5% reward.[] The aim is to obtain relevant data or information regarding: the violation of financial regulations, the mismanagement of public funds and assets, financial malpractice, fraud, and theft.[]
In May , the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Nigeria's anti-corruption agency, announced that Nigerian figures had been convicted on corruption charges since Buhari took office in [] The EFCC also announced that for the first time in Nigeria's history, judges and top military officers including retired service chiefs are being prosecuted for corruption.[] The successful prosecutions were also credited to Buhari's EFCC head Ibrahim Magu.[] Under Buhari, Chief Justice of the Nigerian Court Walter Onnoghen was convicted by the Code of Conduct Tribunal on 18 April , for false assets declaration.[] In December , Mohammed Bello Adoke, the former Attorney General of the Federation, was extradited to Nigeria to stand trial on corruption charges.[] In January , however, Transparency International still gave Nigeria a low performance in its corruption perception index.[][]
In July , Ibrahim Magu the EFCC chairman was arrested by the Department of State Services (DSS) over damaging security reports concerning his activities as the Buhari administration's leading anti-corruption figure and alleged financial irregularities, he was later replaced by Mohammed Umar.[][][][]