Firoz shah tughlaq pdf

Firuz Shah Tughlaq

Sultan of Delhi from to

Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Persian: فیروز شاه تغلق, romanized:&#;Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq; &#;– 20 September ) was the 19th sultan of Delhi from to [1][2][3] A Muslim ruler from the Tughlaq dynasty, He succeeded his cousin Muhammad bin Tughlaq following the latter's death at Thatta in Sindh, as Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit of Taghi the rebellious Muslim governor of Gujarat.

For the first time in history of Delhi sultanate, there was a situation when nobody was ready to accept the reins of power. With much difficulty, the camp followers convinced Firuz to accept the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy on the throne claiming him to be the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq,[4] who meekly surrendered afterwards.

Due to widespread unrest, his realm was much smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was forced by rebellions to concede virtual independence to Bengal and other provinces. He established Sharia across his realm.[5]

Background

His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik) who had the title Sipahsalar.

His mother Naila, a Hindu woman, was the daughter of Raja Mal from a concubine of Dipalpur which is now in the Punjab region of Pakistan.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Rule

We know of Firuz Shah Tughlaq in part through his page autobiography, titled Futuhat-i- Firuz Shahi.[13][14] He was 42 when he became Sultan of Delhi in He ruled until At his succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, including in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal.

Nonetheless, he worked to improve the infrastructure of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded several cities around Delhi, including Jaunpur, Firozpur, Hissar, Firozabad, Fatehabad.[15] Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers dismantled its buildings and reused the spolia as building materials,[16] and the rest was subsumed as New Delhi grew.

Love Story of Firuz Shah Tughlaq

The Gujari Mahal situated in Hisar, Haryana (built in ) still hums the immortal love story of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq and his lover a native lady of the Gurjar tribe.[17][18][19]

According to the story, when one day Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlaq went out for hunting he felt thirsty in the dense forest, but there was a great shortage of water there as the land there was sandy and uneven.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq was so thirsty that he fell down from the horse and fainted.[20] During this time, a girl of the Gurjar tribe was passing from there who used to work as a milkmaid. When she saw Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq lying unconscious, she fed some milk to Sultan. Due to which Tughlaq regained consciousness.[21][22]

After this, Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq started visiting this place often.

Whenever Sultan went for hunting, he would definitely visit the Gurjar colony. Soon, Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlaq and Gujari became good friends.[23] Later when Firoz Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne, he went to her village and proposed marriage to Gujari and asked her to accompany him to the throne of Delhi but Gujari refused to leave Hisar as she thought she would not be treated rightly by the other queens of Sultan.[24] It is said that Emperor shifted his court from Delhi to Hisar to marry Gujari and there he built this special palace for his lover Gujari after their marriage.

She became the most favourite wife of Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[25][26][27]

Religious and administrative policies

Tughlaq was a SalafiMuslim who tried to uphold the laws of Islam and adopted Sharia policies. He made a number of important concessions to theologians.[citation needed] He tried to ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being his prohibition of the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at the graves of saints.

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    • He persecuted a number of sects that were considered heretical by the Muslim theologians. Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's rule. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor to keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent and lenient as a sultan.[28] He decided to keep nobles and the Ulema happy so that they would allow him to rule his kingdom peacefully.

    "The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions to against Bengal in and He captured Cuttack, desecrated the Jagannath Temple, Puri, and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Orissa to pay tribute. He converted Chauhan Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century[29][30].

    Firuz shah tughlaq biography of michael jordan basketball player There were several rest homes sarai , gardens, and Tughlaq tombs constructed. He also reduced the increased land levies imposed by Muhammad. Follow Us On. Toggle the table of contents.

    They are now known as Qaimkhanis in Rajasthan.

    Hindus who resisted Islamic rule faced severe consequences. Firoz Shah led punitive expeditions against regions such as Kangra and Jajnagar (modern Odisha), where his forces massacred thousands of Hindus, desecrated temples, and enslaved entire populations. At Kangra, he laid siege to Kangra Fort and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute, and did the same with Thatta.[15] He plundered the famous Nagarkot temples, carrying away idols and temple wealth to display in Delhi.

    During his time Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab multiple times and during final battle in Gurdaspur his face was slashed by the sword given by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Raja Kailash Pal of Mau-Paithan from Nagarkot region. Firuz Shah Tughlaq married off his daughter with Raja Kailash Pal, embraced him to Islam[citation needed] and sent the couple to rule Greater Khorasan, where eleven sons known by the caste of 'badpagey' were born to the queen.[31]

    Rather than awarding position based on merit, Tughlaq allowed a noble's son to succeed to his father's position and jagir after his death.[32] The same was done in the army, where an old soldier could send his son, son-in-law or even his slave in his place.

    He increased the salary of the nobles. He stopped all kinds of harsh punishments such as cutting off hands. He also lowered the land taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as the greatest age of corruption in medieval India: He once gave a golden tanka to a distraught soldier so that he could bribe the clerk to pass his sub-standard horse.[33]

    Firoz Shah Tughlaq's reign was marked by both administrative reforms and aggressive religious policies aimed at consolidating Islamic rule in India.

    A devout Muslim, he is known for his efforts to enforce Sharia law, which included widespread persecution of Hindus and destruction of their religious institutions. According to his own memoir, Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi, he took pride in forcing conversions and punishing those who resisted Islam.[34]

    Firoz Shah implemented policies to marginalize non-Muslims, including the imposition of the jizya tax, a religious levy on Hindus and other non-Muslims.

    Firuz shah tughlaq biography of michael jordan for kids Nevertheless, he worked to upgrade the empire's infrastructure by constructing canals, hospitals, and rest stops as well as building and renovating reservoirs and digging wells. References [ edit ]. For the first time in the history of Delhi Sultanate, a situation was confronted wherein nobody was ready to accept the reins of power. Following Tughlaq's demise, nobles rebelled to found independent states, resulting in a war of succession.

    This tax was often so burdensome that it pushed many to convert to Islam. He actively targeted Hindu practices he deemed un-Islamic, such as sati (widow self-immolation), not as a reformer but to exert control. Public worship and celebrations of Hindu festivals like Holi and Diwali were banned during his rule.

    In addition to military campaigns, Firoz Shah institutionalized forced conversions.

    His army often gave defeated Hindus a choice between death and conversion to Islam. He boasted of enslaving thousands of Hindus during his campaigns, using them for labor on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, forts, and palaces.

    Despite his achievements in administration and infrastructure development, such as irrigation systems and urban planning, Firoz Shah Tughlaq's legacy remains tainted by his policies of religious intolerance and systematic persecution of Hindus.

    His rule is often remembered as one of repression, marked by destruction and forced submission of non-Muslim communities.

    But Firuz Shah Tughlaq renovated Surya kund in the Dakshinaarka sun temple of Gaya and acknowledged its greatness. It has an inscription mentioning his name twice.[35]

    Infrastructure and education

    Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare of his people.

    Many rest houses (sarai), gardens and tombs (Tughluq tombs) were built. A number of madrasas (Islamic religious schools) were opened to encourage the religious education of Muslims. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of Unani medicine.[36] He provided money for the marriage of girls belonging to poor families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat.

    Biography of larry bird In —, Firoz Shah constructed a madrasa that is connected to the tomb. At his succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, including in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal. Names Firoz Shah Tughlaq. The army had become weak and the empire had shrunk in size.

    He commissioned many public buildings in Delhi. He built Firoz Shah Palace Complex at Hisar in CE, over villages and dug five major canals, including the renovation of Prithviraj Chauhan era Western Yamuna Canal, for irrigation bringing more land under cultivation for growing grain and fruit. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on Malik Maqbul, previously commander of Warangal fort, who was captured and converted to Islam.[37] When Tughlaq was away on a campaign to Sind and Gujarat for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.[38] He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Tughlaq's court and retained the trust of the sultan.[39] Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq used to call Maqbul as 'brother'.

    The sultan remarked that Khan-i-Jahan (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.[40]

    Hindu religious works were translated from Sanskrit to Persian and Arabic.[41] He had a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and other languages. He brought 2 Ashokan Pillars from Meerut, and Topra near Radaur in Yamunanagar district of Haryana, carefully cut and wrapped in silk, to Delhi in bullock cart trains.

    He re-erected one of them on the roof of his palace at Firuz Shah Kotla.[41]

    Transfer of capital was the highlight of his reign. When the Qutb Minar was struck by lightning in AD, knocking off its top storey, he replaced them with the existing two floors, faced with red sandstone and white marble. One of his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known as Kushak Mahal, is situated within the Teen Murti Bhavan complex, Delhi.

    The nearby Kushak Road is named after it, as is the Tughlaq Road further on.[42][43]

    Legacy

    His eldest son, Fateh Khan, died in He then abdicated in August and made his other son, Prince Muhammad, king. A slave rebellion forced him to confer the royal title to his grandson, Tughluq Khan.[15]

    Tughlaq's death led to a war of succession coupled with nobles rebelling to set up independent states.

    His lenient attitude had strengthened the nobles, thus weakening his position. His successor Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II could not control the slaves or the nobles. The army had become weak and the empire had shrunk in size. Ten years after his death, Timur's invasion devastated Delhi. His tomb is located in Hauz Khas (New Delhi), close to the tank built by Alauddin Khalji.

    Attached to the tomb is a madrasa built by Firuz Shah in –

    Coin gallery

    • Gold tanka of Firuz Shah

    • Jital of 40 Rati

    • Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Dated AH

    • Coin of 32 Rati

    • Jital of 40 Rati

    • Jital of 40 Rati

    • Jital of Firoz Shah

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    External links