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Ho Chi Minh City
Largest municipality in Vietnam
This article is about the city. For the Vietnamese communist leader, see Ho Chi Minh. For other uses, see Ho Chi Minh (disambiguation).
"Saigon" and "HCMC" redirect here.
For other uses, see Saigon (disambiguation) and HCMC (disambiguation).
Municipality in Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh | |
|---|---|
Seal | |
| Nicknames:&#; Thành phố mang tên Bác The Pearl of Far East (historical) Paris of the Orient (historical)[1] | |
| Motto(s):&#; Paulatim crescam (historical)[2] | |
Interactive map outlining Ho Chi Minh City | |
Ho Chi Minh City Location within Vietnam Show map of VietnamHo Chi Minh City Location within Southeast Asia Show map of Southeast AsiaHo Chi Minh City Location within Asia Show map of Asia | |
| Coordinates: 10°46′32″N°42′07″E / °N °E / ; | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Southeast |
| Founded | |
| Change of name | |
| Founded by | Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh |
| Named for | Ho Chi Minh |
| Districts | 16 urban districts, 5 rural districts and 1 sub-city |
| &#;•&#;Type | Municipality |
| &#;•&#;Body | Ho Chi Minh City People's Council |
| &#;•&#;Secretary of CPV | Nguyễn Văn Nên |
| &#;•&#;Chairwoman of People's Council | Nguyễn Thị Lệ |
| &#;•&#;Chairman of People's Committee | Phan Văn Mãi |
&#;•&#;Municipality (special) | 2,&#;km2 (&#;sq&#;mi) |
| &#;•&#;Metro | 30,&#;km2 (11,&#;sq&#;mi) |
| Elevation | 19&#;m (63&#;ft) |
&#;•&#;Municipality (special) | 9,, |
| &#;•&#;Rank | 1st |
| &#;•&#;Density | 4,/km2 (11,/sq&#;mi) |
| &#;•&#;Urban [4]:&#;&#; | 7,, |
| &#;•&#;Rural [4]:&#;&#; | 2,, |
| &#;•&#;Metro | 22,, (1st) |
| &#;•&#;Metro&#;density | /km2 (1,/sq&#;mi) |
| Demonym | Saigonese |
| &#;•&#;Municipality (Special) | US$ billion ()[5] |
| &#;•&#;Metro | US$ billion () |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indochina Time) |
| Postal code | 70xxx–74xxx |
| Area codes | 28 |
| ISO code | VN-SG |
| License plate | 41, 50–59 |
| HDI () | [6] (3rd) |
| International airports | Tan Son Nhat International Airport(SGN) |
| Rapid transit system | Ho Chi Minh City Metro |
| Website | |
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC; Vietnamese: Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh), formerly known as Saigon (Vietnamese: Sài Gòn), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 10 million in [7] The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigon River.
As a municipality, Ho Chi Minh City consists of 16 urban districts, five rural districts, and one municipal city (sub-city). As the largest financial centre in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City has the largest gross regional domestic product out of all Vietnam provinces and municipalities,[8] contributing around a quarter of the country's total GDP.[9]Ho Chi Minh City's metropolitan area is ASEAN's 6th largest economy, also the biggest outside an ASEAN country capital.
The area was initially part of Cambodian states until it became part of the Vietnamese Nguyễn lords in , due to Đại Việt's expansionist policy of Nam tiến. It was capital of the Nguyễn lords at the end of their existence before the Nguyễn dynasty was formed. After the fall of the Citadel of Saigon, it became the capital of French Cochinchina from to It was also the capital of French Indochina from to , and again from until its cessation in After France recognized Vietnam's independence and unity,[nb 1] it was the capital of the State of Vietnam from to Following the partition, it became the capital of South Vietnam until it was captured by North Vietnam, who created a unified communist state in and renamed the city after their former leader Hồ Chí Minh, though the former name is still widely used in informal usages.
Ho Chi Minh ‑ Biography, Facts & Ho Chi Minh City - HISTORY: This was transformed in , under his direction, into the Communist Party of Indochina, which was fiercely repressed after uprisings in —1. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. On April 30, , the last few Americans still in South Vietnam were airlifted out of the country as Saigon fell to communist forces. Backed by the United States, the strongly anti-Communist South Vietnamese government of Ngo Dinh Diem refused to support the Geneva accords, and put off elections indefinitely.
Beginning in the s, the city underwent rapid expansion and modernization, which contributed to Vietnam's post-war economic recovery and helped revive its international trade hub status.
Ho Chi Minh City has a long tradition of being one of the centers of economy, entertainment and education in Southern Vietnam in particular and Vietnam in general.
As such, the city is also the busiest international transport hub in Vietnam, as Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport accounts for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam[10] and the Port of Saigon is among the busiest container ports in Southeast Asia.[11] Ho Chi Minh City is also a tourist attraction.
Some of the war and historic landmarks in the city include the Independence Palace, Landmark 81 (tallest building in Vietnam), the War Remnants Museum, and Bến Thành Market.
The city is also known for its narrow walkable alleys and bustling night life. Currently, Ho Chi Minh City is facing increasing threats of sea level rise and flooding as well as heavy strains on public infrastructures.
Etymology
Main article: Names of Ho Chi Minh City
The first known human habitation in the area was a Cham settlement called Baigaur.[nb 2] The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor, a small fishing village.[12][13] Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamed Gia Định (嘉定) in , a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the s, when it adopted the name Sài Gòn, francized as Saïgon,[13] although the city was still indicated as 嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Hán until at least [14]
The current name, Ho Chi Minh City, was given after reunification in to honour Ho Chi Minh.[nb 3] Even today, however, the informal name of Sài Gòn remains in daily speech.
However, there is a technical difference between the two terms: Sài Gòn is commonly used to refer to the city centre in District 1 and the adjacent areas, while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts.[13]
Saigon
The original toponym behind Sài Gòn, was attested earliest as 柴棍, with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are sài and côn respectively, in Lê Quý Đôn's "Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier" (撫邊雜錄, Phủ biên tạp lục c.
), wherein Lê relates that, in , Cambodian prince Ang Nan was installed as uparaja in 柴棍 (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.
柴棍 also appears later in Trịnh Hoài Đức's "Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel" (嘉定城通志, Gia Định thành thông chí, c. ), "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country" (南國地輿教科書, Nam quốc địa dư giáo khoa thư, ),[16] etc.
Ho chi minh city biography definition This was transformed in , under his direction, into the Communist Party of Indochina, which was fiercely repressed after uprisings in —1. He was then sent to China to help establish the Indochina Communist Party with other Vietnamese exiles. There he joined the Communist party and discovered the writings of Vladimir Lenin. Patterned after Chinese land reform programs, the plan proved to be a failure within two years and so unpopular among the Vietnamese peasants that they revolted.Adrien Launay's Histoire de la Mission de Cochinchine (–), "Documents Historiques II: – " ( ) cites documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon, Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng "Upper Saigon"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ "Lower Saigon").
It is probably a transcription of Khmer ព្រៃនគរ (Prey Nokôr)[17][18][nb 4], or Khmer ព្រៃគរ (Prey Kôr).
The proposal that Sài Gòn is from non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 堤岸 ("embankment", tai4 ngon6, SV: đê ngạn)[nb 5], the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn, (e.g. by Vương Hồng Sển) has been critiqued as folk-etymological, as: (1) the Vietnamese source Phủ biên tạp lục (albeit written in literary Chinese) was the earliest extant one containing the local toponym's transcription; (2) 堤岸 has variant form 提岸, thus suggesting that both were transcriptions of a local toponym and thus are cognates to, not originals of, Sài Gòn.
Saigon is unlikely to be from 堤岸 since in "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country", it also lists Chợ Lớn as 𢄂𢀲 separate from 柴棍 Sài Gòn.[original research?]
Ho Chi Minh City
The current official name, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, was first proclaimed in , and later adopted in It is abbreviated as , and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City, abbreviated as HCMC, and in French as Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville (the circumflex is sometimes omitted), abbreviated as HCMV.
The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh, the first leader of North Vietnam. This name, though not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, 胡) with a given name meaning "enlightened will" (from Sino-Vietnamese, 志明; Chí meaning 'will' or 'spirit', and Minh meaning 'light'), in essence, meaning "light bringer".[21] Nowadays, "Saigon" is still used as a semi-official name for the city, in some cases being used interchangeably with Ho Chi Minh City, partly due to its long history and familiarity.[22]
History
Early settlement
The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.[23] A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa.[23] Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the Khmer Empire around ,[23] Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.[24]
The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords.
Ho chi minh city weather Roosevelt had promised a postwar world that would respect the right of all people to choose their form of government. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets CSS enabled. Seeking support from anyone who would give it, Ho formed alliances with American diplomats and intelligence officers who also were looking for alliances to defeat the Japanese. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice.Thanks to the marriage between&#;Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn – daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên – and the King of Cambodia&#;Chey Chettha II in , the relationship between Vietnam&#;and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. In exchange, Chey Chettha II gifted Prei Nokor to the Nguyễn lords.[25] Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon,&#;Đồng Nai.
Before that, the Funanese,&#;Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.
The period from to is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In , Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gòn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé).
Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam,&#;Cambodia,&#;and&#;Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day&#;Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi&#;crossroads).
Ho chi minh He was President of North Vietnam from until his death. Starting at an early age at the dawn of the 20th century, Ho became a strident voice for an independent Vietnam. Japan moved in to fill the vacuum occupying much of Indochina. Only the Americans have been defeated.It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.
Nguyễn dynasty rule
In , Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge. In , Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene.
He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.[26][27] King Chey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in In February , he invaded Cambodia from An Giang. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese general Trần Thượng Xuyên (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew Ang Em surrendered to the invaders, as the Vietnamese marched onto and captured Cambodia's capital Phnom Penh.[28] As a result, Saigon and Long An were officially and securely obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands.[28]
In , Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.[29] Two years later, a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định, or Thành Bát Quái ("Eight Diagrams") was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel, one of the Nguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries.[30] The citadel was captured by Lê Văn Khôi during his revolt of –35 against Emperor Minh Mạng.
Ho chi minh city map Jimmy Carter. In Ho was invited to Moscow to attend the Comintern, an organization created by Lenin to promote worldwide revolution. View all related items in Oxford Reference ». Don't have an account?Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called Phụng Thành, was built in [31] In , the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa.[31] Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.[23]
French colonial era
Ceded to France by the Treaty of Saigon,[32] the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonization.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including a botanical garden, the Norodom Palace, Hotel Continental, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and Bến Thành Market, among many others.[33][34] In April , Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.[35] During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as "Pearl of the Orient" (Hòn ngọc Viễn Đông),[36] or "Paris of the Extreme Orient".[37]
On 27 April , a new région called Saigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in [38] From about , in ,[39] Saigon's population rose to million in [39]
State of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam era
On 14 June , 10 days after France returned Cochinchina to Vietnam, former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam with himself as head of state.[40] The state was proclaimed in July.
In July , the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the communist Việt Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, gaining complete control of the northern half of the country, while the southern half gained independence from France.[41] The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in the referendum,[41] with Saigon as its capital.[42] On 22 October , the city was given the official name, Đô Thành Sài Gòn ("Capital City Saigon").[43] After the decree of 27 March came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.[43] In December , two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to become District 9.[44] In July , District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by , the city's area consisted of eleven districts, Gia Định, Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), and Phú Hòa District (Bình Dương).[44]
Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.[45] In the late s, with the U.S.
providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country's economy grew rapidly under capitalism;[43] by , over half of South Vietnam's factories were located in Saigon.[46] However, beginning in the s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S.
aid and imports from other countries.[43] As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching million by , the city was described by the USAID as being turned "into a huge slum".[47] The city also suffered from "prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money", and according to Stanley Karnow